KLIENTELISME POLITIK DALAM KONTESTASI PILKADA: TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS ATAS RELASI PATRON-KLIEN DAN MOBILISASI DUKUNGAN ELEKTORAL, DENGAN REFLEKSI KASUS KABUPATEN BONE

Andi Niniek Paryati; Mahar Muharram Hamzah Assabrun Malik; Umiyati Haris; Nurul Sholeha

doi:10.59818/jps.v5i3.3390

KLIENTELISME POLITIK DALAM KONTESTASI PILKADA: TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS ATAS RELASI PATRON-KLIEN DAN MOBILISASI DUKUNGAN ELEKTORAL, DENGAN REFLEKSI KASUS KABUPATEN BONE

Andi Niniek Paryati - Universitas Andi Sudirman
Mahar Muharram Hamzah Assabrun Malik - Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Tri Tunas Nasional
Umiyati Haris - Universitas Musamus
Nurul Sholeha - Universitas Andi Sudirman

Abstract

Direct regional head elections since 2005 have not eliminated Indonesia's patronage democracy, yet patron-client literature remains scattered across cases, while studies on Bugis elections stress aristocratic legitimacy without linking it to broker research. This study aims to understand patron-client relations in regional elections, how candidates mobilize support through clientelistic networks, and their reflection in Bone Regency's elections. The study uses a systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020, via multi-database search under strict criteria yielding 23 studies, analyzed through deductive-inductive thematic synthesis and applied to secondary data on Bone's elections (2003-2024). Results show cultural-historical, electoral-transactional, and economic-political lenses converge into a pyramid-like layered patron-client network; mobilization proceeds through layered brokers, diverse resources, and incumbent advantage. In Bone, aristocratic legitimacy serves as an entry ticket, yet the 2024 election shows victory is determined more by networks linked to national power centers. It is concluded that clientelism works through three mutually reinforcing layers legitimacy, network, and transaction shifting across cycles.

ABSTRAK

Pilkada langsung sejak 2005 belum menghapus demokrasi patronase di Indonesia, namun literatur tentang relasi patron-klien masih tersebar per kasus, terkonsentrasi di Jawa-Sumatra, dan kajian Pilkada Bugis lebih menyoroti legitimasi bangsawan tanpa mengaitkannya dengan literatur broker. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami relasi patron-klien dalam Pilkada, mekanisme mobilisasi dukungan melalui jaringan klientelistik, serta refleksinya pada dinamika Pilkada Kabupaten Bone. Penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur sistematis mengikuti PRISMA 2020, penelusuran multi-basis data dengan kriteria inklusi ketat menghasilkan 23 studi, dianalisis melalui sintesis tematik deduktif-induktif lalu diterapkan pada data sekunder Pilkada Bone 2003-2024. Hasil menunjukkan relasi patron-klien dipahami melalui lensa kultural-historis, elektoral-transaksional, dan ekonomi-politik yang bertemu dalam jaringan berjenjang menyerupai piramida; mobilisasi berlangsung lewat broker berlapis, beragam sumber daya, dan keunggulan petahana. Di Bone, legitimasi bangsawan menjadi tiket masuk kontestasi, namun Pilkada 2024 menunjukkan kemenangan kini lebih ditentukan jaringan yang terhubung ke pusat kekuasaan nasional. Disimpulkan klientelisme bekerja melalui tiga lapis legitimasi-jaringan-transaksi yang saling menguatkan dan terus bergeser antarperiode pemilihan.

Keywords

Political Clientelism, Political Patronage, Patron-Client, Electoral Mobilization, Regional Head Election ; Klientelisme Politik, Patronase Politik, Patron-Klien, Mobilisasi Elektoral, Pilkada

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References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.59818/jps.v5i3.3390

BibTex Citation Data :

@article{JPS3390,
    	author = {Andi Niniek Paryati and Mahar Muharram Hamzah Assabrun Malik and Umiyati Haris and Nurul Sholeha},
    	title = {KLIENTELISME POLITIK DALAM KONTESTASI PILKADA: TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS ATAS RELASI PATRON-KLIEN DAN MOBILISASI DUKUNGAN ELEKTORAL, DENGAN REFLEKSI KASUS KABUPATEN BONE},
    	journal = {Public Sphere: Jurnal Sosial Politik, Pemerintahan dan Hukum},
    	volume = {5},
    	number = {3},
    	year = {2026},
    	keywords = {Political Clientelism, Political Patronage, Patron-Client, Electoral Mobilization, Regional Head Election ; Klientelisme Politik, Patronase Politik, Patron-Klien, Mobilisasi Elektoral, Pilkada},
    	abstract = {Direct regional head elections since 2005 have not eliminated Indonesia's patronage democracy, yet patron-client literature remains scattered across cases, while studies on Bugis elections stress aristocratic legitimacy without linking it to broker research. This study aims to understand patron-client relations in regional elections, how candidates mobilize support through clientelistic networks, and their reflection in Bone Regency's elections. The study uses a systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020, via multi-database search under strict criteria yielding 23 studies, analyzed through deductive-inductive thematic synthesis and applied to secondary data on Bone's elections (2003-2024). Results show cultural-historical, electoral-transactional, and economic-political lenses converge into a pyramid-like layered patron-client network; mobilization proceeds through layered brokers, diverse resources, and incumbent advantage. In Bone, aristocratic legitimacy serves as an entry ticket, yet the 2024 election shows victory is determined more by networks linked to national power centers. It is concluded that clientelism works through three mutually reinforcing layers legitimacy, network, and transaction shifting across cycles. ABSTRAKPilkada langsung sejak 2005 belum menghapus demokrasi patronase di Indonesia, namun literatur tentang relasi patron-klien masih tersebar per kasus, terkonsentrasi di Jawa-Sumatra, dan kajian Pilkada Bugis lebih menyoroti legitimasi bangsawan tanpa mengaitkannya dengan literatur broker. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami relasi patron-klien dalam Pilkada, mekanisme mobilisasi dukungan melalui jaringan klientelistik, serta refleksinya pada dinamika Pilkada Kabupaten Bone. Penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur sistematis mengikuti PRISMA 2020, penelusuran multi-basis data dengan kriteria inklusi ketat menghasilkan 23 studi, dianalisis melalui sintesis tematik deduktif-induktif lalu diterapkan pada data sekunder Pilkada Bone 2003-2024. Hasil menunjukkan relasi patron-klien dipahami melalui lensa kultural-historis, elektoral-transaksional, dan ekonomi-politik yang bertemu dalam jaringan berjenjang menyerupai piramida; mobilisasi berlangsung lewat broker berlapis, beragam sumber daya, dan keunggulan petahana. Di Bone, legitimasi bangsawan menjadi tiket masuk kontestasi, namun Pilkada 2024 menunjukkan kemenangan kini lebih ditentukan jaringan yang terhubung ke pusat kekuasaan nasional. Disimpulkan klientelisme bekerja melalui tiga lapis legitimasi-jaringan-transaksi yang saling menguatkan dan terus bergeser antarperiode pemilihan.},
        	issn = {2964-5166},        	doi = {10.59818/jps.v5i3.3390},
        	url = {https://jurnal.penerbitwidina.com/index.php/JPS/article/view/3390}
    }